§ Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation
Rule 611. Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation
(a) Control by Court. The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.
(b) Scope of Cross-Examination. Cross-examination should be limited to the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the credibility of the witness. The court may, in the exercise of discretion, permit inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination.
(c) Leading Questions. On direct examination, leading questions should not be allowed except: (1) when they are merely formal or preliminary, (2) when they are necessary to develop the witness' testimony, (3) when the witness is hostile, an adverse party, or identified with an adverse party, or (4) when they are necessary for the purposes of impeachment of the witness' testimony. On cross-examination, leading questions should ordinarily be permitted.